Lub zog, ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg, yeej ib txwm ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws yog qhov lav tsis tau rau kev txhim kho ntawm tib neeg lub zej zog. Ua ke nrog dej, cua, thiab zaub mov, nws yog cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau tib neeg txoj sia nyob thiab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau tib neeg lub neej.

Kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam zog tau dhau los ua ob qho kev hloov pauv loj los ntawm "lub sijhawm" ntawm cov ntoo hluav taws mus rau "lub sijhawm" ntawm cov thee, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm "lub sijhawm" ntawm cov thee mus rau "lub sijhawm" ntawm roj. Tam sim no nws tau pib hloov los ntawm "lub sijhawm" ntawm roj mus rau "lub sijhawm" ntawm kev hloov pauv zog rov ua dua tshiab.

Txij li cov thee ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th mus rau roj ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tib neeg tau siv lub zog fossil ntau heev rau ntau tshaj 200 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, lub zog thoob ntiaj teb uas tswj hwm los ntawm lub zog fossil ua rau nws tsis nyob deb ntawm kev poob qis ntawm lub zog fossil.

Peb lub zog fossil ib txwm muaj uas sawv cev los ntawm thee, roj thiab roj av yuav raug siv tag sai sai hauv lub xyoo pua tshiab, thiab thaum siv thiab hlawv, nws tseem yuav ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov, tsim kom muaj ntau yam kuab paug, thiab ua rau ib puag ncig puas tsuaj.

Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom txo qhov kev vam khom rau lub zog fossil, hloov pauv cov qauv siv zog uas tsis muaj laj thawj, thiab nrhiav lub zog tshiab uas huv thiab tsis muaj kuab paug.

Tam sim no, lub zog rov ua dua tshiab feem ntau suav nrog lub zog cua, lub zog hydrogen, lub zog hnub ci, lub zog biomass, lub zog tidal thiab lub zog geothermal, thiab lwm yam, thiab lub zog cua thiab lub zog hnub ci yog cov chaw tshawb fawb tam sim no thoob ntiaj teb.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem nyuaj heev rau kev ua tiav kev hloov pauv thiab khaws cia ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab, yog li ua rau nws nyuaj rau siv lawv kom zoo.

Hauv qhov no, txhawm rau kom paub txog kev siv lub zog tshiab uas rov ua dua tshiab tau zoo los ntawm tib neeg, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim cov thev naus laus zis khaws cia lub zog tshiab uas yooj yim thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo, uas kuj yog qhov chaw kub hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog tam sim no.

Tam sim no, cov roj teeb lithium-ion, ua ib qho ntawm cov roj teeb theem nrab zoo tshaj plaws, tau siv dav hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, kev thauj mus los, aerospace thiab lwm yam teb. , lub zeem muag rau kev txhim kho nyuaj dua.

Cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj ntawm sodium thiab lithium zoo sib xws, thiab nws muaj cov txiaj ntsig khaws cia lub zog. Vim nws muaj cov ntsiab lus nplua nuj, kev faib tawm ntawm cov sodium sib npaug, thiab tus nqi qis, nws yog siv rau hauv kev siv tshuab khaws cia lub zog loj, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus nqi qis thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Cov khoom siv electrode zoo thiab tsis zoo ntawm cov roj teeb sodium ion suav nrog cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hlau sib xyaw, polyanions, hloov pauv hlau phosphates, core-shell nanoparticles, hlau sib xyaw, carbon tawv, thiab lwm yam.

Ua ib yam khoom uas muaj ntau yam khoom khaws cia hauv xwm, carbon pheej yig thiab yooj yim nrhiav tau, thiab tau txais kev lees paub ntau yam ua ib yam khoom siv anode rau cov roj teeb sodium-ion.

Raws li qib ntawm graphitization, cov ntaub ntawv carbon tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: graphitic carbon thiab amorphous carbon.

Cov pa roj carbon tawv, uas yog cov pa roj carbon amorphous, muaj peev xwm khaws cov sodium tshwj xeeb ntawm 300mAh / g, thaum cov ntaub ntawv carbon nrog qib siab ntawm graphitization nyuaj rau ua kom tau raws li kev siv lag luam vim lawv thaj chaw loj thiab kev txiav txim siab muaj zog.

Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv carbon uas tsis yog graphite feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb.

Yuav kom txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv anode rau cov roj teeb sodium-ion ntxiv, qhov hydrophilicity thiab conductivity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv carbon tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev siv ion doping lossis compounding, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm khaws cia lub zog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv carbon.

Raws li cov khoom siv electrode tsis zoo ntawm sodium ion roj teeb, cov hlau sib xyaw feem ntau yog ob-seem hlau carbides thiab nitrides. Ntxiv nrog rau cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm ob-seem, lawv tsis tsuas yog khaws cov sodium ions los ntawm kev nqus thiab sib xyaw, tab sis kuj sib xyaw nrog sodium. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ions tsim cov peev xwm los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg rau kev khaws cia lub zog, yog li txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig khaws cia lub zog.

Vim yog tus nqi siab thiab nyuaj rau kev tau txais cov hlau sib xyaw, cov ntaub ntawv carbon tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv anode tseem ceeb rau cov roj teeb sodium-ion.

Qhov nce ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hlau sib xyaw yog tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm graphene. Tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv ob-seem siv hauv cov roj teeb sodium-ion feem ntau suav nrog sodium-based layered NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, thiab lwm yam.

Cov ntaub ntawv polyanionic positive electrode tau siv thawj zaug hauv cov roj teeb lithium-ion positive electrodes, thiab tom qab ntawd tau siv rau hauv cov roj teeb sodium-ion. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb sawv cev suav nrog olivine crystals xws li NaMnPO4 thiab NaFePO4.

Thawj zaug siv cov hlau phosphate ua cov khoom siv electrode zoo hauv cov roj teeb lithium-ion. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom no tau paub tab thiab muaj ntau cov qauv siv lead ua.

Phosphate, ua ib lub qauv peb-seem, tsim ib lub qauv uas zoo rau kev deintercalation thiab intercalation ntawm sodium ions, thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais cov roj teeb sodium-ion nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo heev.

Cov khoom siv ntawm lub plhaub tseem ceeb yog ib hom khoom siv anode tshiab rau cov roj teeb sodium-ion uas tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv xyoo tas los no. Raws li cov khoom siv qub, cov khoom siv no tau ua tiav cov qauv khoob los ntawm kev tsim qauv zoo nkauj.

Cov ntaub ntawv qauv core-shell feem ntau suav nrog hollow cobalt selenide nanocubes, Fe-N co-doped core-shell sodium vanadate nanospheres, porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres thiab lwm yam qauv hollow.

Vim nws cov yam ntxwv zoo heev, ua ke nrog lub qhov khoob thiab cov qauv porous, ntau yam kev ua haujlwm electrochemical raug rau electrolyte, thiab tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj txhawb nqa qhov kev txav mus los ntawm ion ntawm electrolyte kom ua tiav kev khaws cia lub zog zoo.

Lub zog rov ua dua tshiab thoob ntiaj teb txuas ntxiv mus, txhawb kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis khaws cia hluav taws xob.

Tam sim no, raws li ntau txoj kev khaws cia lub zog, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub zog khaws cia lub cev thiab lub zog hluav taws xob khaws cia.

Kev khaws cia hluav taws xob electrochemical ua tau raws li cov qauv kev txhim kho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis khaws cia hluav taws xob tshiab niaj hnub no vim nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb siab, tus nqi qis, kev siv tau yooj yim, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.

Raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical, cov chaw khaws cia hluav taws xob electrochemical feem ntau suav nrog cov supercapacitors, cov roj teeb lead-acid, cov roj teeb roj, cov roj teeb nickel-hlau hydride, cov roj teeb sodium-sulfur, thiab cov roj teeb lithium-ion.

Hauv kev siv tshuab khaws cia lub zog, cov ntaub ntawv electrode yooj ywm tau nyiam ntau tus kws tshawb fawb txoj kev tshawb fawb vim lawv txoj kev tsim qauv sib txawv, kev yooj ywm, tus nqi qis, thiab cov yam ntxwv tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.

Cov ntaub ntawv carbon muaj kev ruaj khov tshwj xeeb thermochemical, kev ua hluav taws xob zoo, lub zog siab, thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab tsis zoo, ua rau lawv yog cov electrodes zoo rau cov roj teeb lithium-ion thiab cov roj teeb sodium-ion.

Cov supercapacitors tuaj yeem them thiab tso tawm sai sai hauv qab cov xwm txheej tam sim no siab, thiab muaj lub neej voj voog ntau dua 100,000 zaug. Lawv yog ib hom tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb khaws cia lub zog ntawm cov capacitors thiab cov roj teeb.

Cov supercapacitors muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog ceev ceev thiab lub zog hloov pauv siab, tab sis lawv lub zog ceev ceev qis, lawv yooj yim tso tawm tus kheej, thiab lawv yooj yim xau electrolyte thaum siv tsis raug.

Txawm hais tias lub roj fais fab cell muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tsis muaj kev them, muaj peev xwm loj, muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb thiab dav dav fais fab, nws qhov kub ua haujlwm siab, tus nqi siab, thiab kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob qis ua rau nws tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem lag luam. siv rau hauv qee pawg.

Cov roj teeb ua kua qaub muaj qhov zoo ntawm tus nqi qis, thev naus laus zis laus, thiab kev nyab xeeb siab, thiab tau siv dav hauv cov chaw nres tsheb teeb liab, tsheb kauj vab hluav taws xob, tsheb, thiab lub zog cia hluav taws xob. Cov laug cam luv luv xws li kev ua qias tuaj rau ib puag ncig tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau thiab cov qauv siab dua rau cov roj teeb cia hluav taws xob.

Cov roj teeb Ni-MH muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo, tus nqi calorific qis, muaj peev xwm monomer loj, thiab cov yam ntxwv tso tawm ruaj khov, tab sis lawv qhov hnyav yog qhov loj heev, thiab muaj ntau yam teeb meem hauv kev tswj hwm cov roj teeb series, uas tuaj yeem ua rau yaj ntawm cov roj teeb cais ib leeg.