Lub zog, raws li cov khoom siv hauv paus rau kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej, yeej ib txwm ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.Nws yog ib qho indispensable guarantee rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub neej.Ua ke nrog dej, huab cua, thiab zaub mov, nws tsim nyog rau tib neeg txoj sia nyob thiab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau tib neeg lub neej..

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam hluav taws xob tau dhau los ua ob qhov kev hloov pauv loj los ntawm "era" ntawm cov hluav taws mus rau "era" ntawm cov thee, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm "era" ntawm cov thee mus rau "era" ntawm cov roj.Tam sim no nws tau pib hloov los ntawm "era" ntawm cov roj mus rau "era" ntawm lub zog tauj dua tshiab.

Los ntawm cov thee ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv lub xyoo pua 19th mus rau roj ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tib neeg tau siv lub zog fossil ntawm cov nplai loj rau ntau tshaj 200 xyoo.Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntiaj teb lub zog qauv tswj hwm los ntawm fossil zog ua rau nws tsis nyob deb ntawm kev depletion ntawm fossil zog.

Peb cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub siv hluav taws xob uas sawv cev los ntawm cov thee, roj thiab cov nkev roj yuav raug tso tawm sai sai hauv lub xyoo pua tshiab, thiab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv thiab combustion, nws tseem yuav ua rau lub tsev cog khoom tshwm sim, tsim kom muaj ntau cov pa phem, thiab ua paug. ib puag ncig.

Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom txo tau kev vam khom ntawm fossil lub zog, hloov cov qauv siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo uas twb muaj lawm, thiab nrhiav kev huv thiab tsis muaj kuab paug rau lub zog tshiab tshiab.

Tam sim no, lub zog tauj dua tshiab feem ntau suav nrog cua zog, hydrogen zog, hnub ci zog, biomass zog, tidal zog thiab geothermal zog, thiab lwm yam, thiab cua zog thiab hnub ci zog yog tam sim no kev tshawb fawb hotspots thoob ntiaj teb.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem nyuaj heev kom ua tiav kev hloov pauv tau zoo thiab khaws cia ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob tauj dua tshiab, yog li ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev siv lawv.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, txhawm rau kom paub txog kev siv lub zog tshiab los ntawm tib neeg, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tsim kom yooj yim thiab siv tau zoo tshiab lub zog cia tshuab, uas tseem yog qhov chaw kub hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo tam sim no.

Tam sim no, cov roj teeb lithium-ion, uas yog ib lub roj teeb uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, tau siv dav hauv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, tsheb thauj mus los, aerospace thiab lwm yam., kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho yog qhov nyuaj dua.

Lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom ntawm sodium thiab lithium zoo ib yam, thiab nws muaj lub zog cia.Vim nws cov ntsiab lus nplua nuj, kev faib tawm ntawm sodium qhov chaw, thiab tus nqi qis, nws yog siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus nqi qis thiab kev ua haujlwm siab.

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab tsis zoo ntawm cov roj teeb sodium ion suav nrog cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hlau sib txuas, polyanions, hloov hlau phosphates, core-plhaub nanoparticles, hlau sib txuas, hard carbon, thiab lwm yam.

Raws li ib qho khoom siv nrog ntau qhov tshwj xeeb hauv cov xwm txheej, carbon yog pheej yig thiab yooj yim kom tau, thiab tau txais ntau qhov kev lees paub tias yog cov khoom siv anode rau sodium-ion roj teeb.

Raws li qib ntawm graphitization, cov ntaub ntawv carbon tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: graphitic carbon thiab amorphous carbon.

Cov pa roj carbon zoo, uas yog cov pa roj carbon amorphous, nthuav tawm cov sodium cia tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm ntawm 300mAh / g, thaum cov khoom siv carbon nrog qib siab dua ntawm graphitization nyuaj rau kev ua lag luam siv vim lawv qhov chaw loj thiab kev txiav txim siab.

Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-graphite hard carbon yog tsuas yog siv hauv kev tshawb fawb.

Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv anode rau cov roj teeb sodium-ion, hydrophilicity thiab conductivity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv carbon tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm ion doping lossis compounding, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog khaws cia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv carbon.

Raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis zoo ntawm sodium ion roj teeb, cov khoom siv hlau yog feem ntau yog ob sab hlau carbides thiab nitrides.Ntxiv nrog rau cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov khoom siv ob sab, lawv tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog khaws cov sodium ions los ntawm adsorption thiab intercalation, tab sis kuj ua ke nrog sodium Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ions ua kom muaj peev xwm los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau lub zog cia, yog li txhim kho lub zog cia nyhuv.

Vim yog tus nqi siab thiab nyuaj rau kev tau txais cov hlau sib txuas, cov ntaub ntawv carbon tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb anode rau cov roj teeb sodium-ion.

Qhov nce ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hlau yog tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm graphene.Tam sim no, cov khoom siv ob sab siv hauv cov roj teeb sodium-ion feem ntau suav nrog sodium-based txheej NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, thiab lwm yam.

Polyanionic zoo electrode cov ntaub ntawv tau xub siv nyob rau hauv lithium-ion roj teeb zoo electrodes, thiab tom qab ntawd tau siv nyob rau hauv sodium-ion roj teeb.Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb suav nrog olivine crystals xws li NaMnPO4 thiab NaFePO4.

Hloov pauv hlau phosphate yog thawj zaug siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo hauv cov roj teeb lithium-ion.Cov txheej txheem synthesis yog qhov paub tab thiab muaj ntau cov qauv siv lead ua.

Phosphate, raws li cov qauv peb-seem, tsim cov qauv txheej txheem uas tsim nyog rau kev deintercalation thiab intercalation ntawm sodium ions, thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais cov roj teeb sodium-ion nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo heev.

Cov khoom siv hauv cov tub ntxhais-plhaub yog hom tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv anode rau cov roj teeb sodium-ion uas tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo tas los no.Raws li cov khoom qub, cov khoom siv no tau ua tiav cov qauv hollow los ntawm kev tsim qauv zoo nkauj.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntau tshaj plaws-plhaub cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog hollow cobalt selenide nanocubes, Fe-N co-doped core-plhaub sodium vanadate nanospheres, porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres thiab lwm yam hollow lug.

Vim nws cov yam ntxwv zoo heev, ua ke nrog cov qauv hollow thiab ntxeem tau, ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob raug cuam tshuam rau cov electrolyte, thiab tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj txhawb nqa lub zog ion ntawm electrolyte kom ua tiav lub zog cia.

Lub ntiaj teb no lub zog tauj dua tshiab txuas ntxiv nce ntxiv, txhawb kev txhim kho lub zog cia tshuab.

Tam sim no, raws li kev sib txawv ntawm lub zog cia, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua lub zog cia thiab electrochemical zog cia.

Electrochemical zog cia ua tau raws li cov qauv kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub no lub zog cia technology tshiab vim nws qhov zoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb siab, tus nqi qis, kev siv tau yooj yim, thiab kev ua haujlwm siab.

Raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrochemical, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob khaws cia hluav taws xob feem ntau muaj xws li supercapacitors, cov roj ntsha lead-acid, roj teeb hluav taws xob, roj teeb nickel-hlau hydride, roj teeb sodium-sulfur, thiab lithium-ion roj teeb.

Hauv kev siv tshuab hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hloov tau yooj yim tau nyiam ntau tus kws tshawb fawb kev tshawb fawb vim lawv cov qauv tsim muaj ntau haiv neeg, hloov tau yooj yim, tus nqi qis, thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.

Cov ntaub ntawv carbon muaj qhov tshwj xeeb thermochemical stability, zoo hluav taws xob conductivity, siab zog, thiab txawv mechanical zog, ua rau lawv cog lus electrodes rau lithium-ion roj teeb thiab sodium-ion roj teeb.

Supercapacitors tuaj yeem them sai sai thiab tawm hauv cov xwm txheej tam sim no, thiab muaj lub neej voj voog ntau dua 100,000 zaug.Lawv yog ib yam tshiab ntawm tshwj xeeb electrochemical zog cia fais fab mov ntawm capacitors thiab roj teeb.

Supercapacitors muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov zog hluav taws xob siab thiab siab dua siab dua, tab sis lawv muaj zog rau kev ua kom tus kheej, thiab lawv tau nquag ua rau hluav taws xob tsis tu ncua thaum siv tsis raug.

Txawm hais tias cov roj hluav taws xob hluav taws xob muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm tsis muaj kev them nyiaj, muaj peev xwm loj, muaj peev xwm tshwj xeeb thiab dav lub zog tshwj xeeb, nws qhov kev ua haujlwm siab kub, tus nqi siab, thiab tsis tshua muaj zog hloov hluav taws xob ua rau nws tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev lag luam.siv nyob rau hauv tej pawg.

Lead-acid roj teeb muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov nqi qis, cov cuab yeej paub tab, thiab kev nyab xeeb siab, thiab tau siv dav hauv cov chaw nres tsheb teeb liab, tsheb kauj vab hluav taws xob, tsheb, thiab daim phiaj hluav taws xob cia.Cov laug cam luv luv xws li kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntau dua thiab cov qauv rau lub zog cia roj teeb.

Ni-MH roj teeb muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev muaj zog ntau yam, tsis tshua muaj nqi calorific, muaj peev xwm loj monomer, thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tso tawm ruaj khov, tab sis lawv qhov hnyav kuj loj, thiab muaj ntau yam teeb meem hauv kev tswj hwm roj teeb, uas tuaj yeem yooj yim ua rau lub melting ntawm ib leeg. roj teeb cais.